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Pinene
α-Pinene / β-Pinene
Pronounced: PIE-neen
Pinene is a monoterpene terpene with a fresh pine, forest, evergreen aroma. It's also found naturally in Pine needles, Rosemary, Basil. Research suggests pinene may promote alertness and mental clarity, though more human studies are needed.
Boiling Point
311°F (155°C)
Aroma
Fresh pine
Also Found In
Aroma Profile:
Fresh pine, forest, evergreen
What is Pinene?
Pinene is the most abundant terpene in nature with high bioavailability via inhalation (60%). In cannabis, it's thought to counteract some of THC's short-term memory impairment through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and may promote alertness and focus rather than sedation.
How Pinene Works
Pinene inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine—a neurotransmitter critical for memory and learning. This mechanism supports memory retention and may explain why pinene-rich strains are associated with clearer mental effects. It also acts as a bronchodilator and shows anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antitumor, and analgesic effects (Salehi et al., 2019).
Researched Effects
Mental Clarity
Moderate EvidenceAcetylcholinesterase inhibition suggests potential cognitive-supporting effects.
✓ Compliant Language
May promote alertness and mental clarity
✗ Avoid Saying
Improves memory or treats cognitive disorders
Sources
Bronchodilation
Moderate EvidenceResearch shows pinene opens airways, which may improve cannabis bioavailability when inhaled.
✓ Compliant Language
Research shows bronchodilator properties
✗ Avoid Saying
Treats asthma or respiratory conditions
Sources
Anti-inflammatory
Moderate EvidencePreclinical studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity.
✓ Compliant Language
Shows anti-inflammatory activity in research
✗ Avoid Saying
Reduces inflammation or treats inflammatory diseases
Sources
Understanding Evidence Levels
Safety Information
Pinene is GRAS by the FDA and is found in many foods and essential oils. Generally well-tolerated with no significant adverse effects at typical exposure levels.
Scientific References
Perry NS, et al. • Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2000)
PubMed ID: 11045893
Demonstrated AChE inhibition relevant to memory preservation.
Falk AA, et al. • Archives of Toxicology (1990)
PubMed ID: 2167826
Found significant bronchodilator effects in human studies.
Kim DS, et al. • Molecules (2015)
PubMed ID: 26404227
Elucidated anti-inflammatory mechanisms in preclinical models.
Salehi B, et al. • Biomolecules (2019)
PubMed ID: 31739596
Comprehensive review: antibiotic resistance modulation, anticoagulant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is pinene?
Pinene (α-pinene and β-pinene) is the most abundant terpene in nature, responsible for the fresh scent of pine forests. In cannabis, it's associated with alert, clear-headed effects.
Does pinene help with focus?
Research shows pinene inhibits acetylcholinesterase, which may support memory and alertness. This is why pinene-rich strains are often described as providing "clear-headed" effects rather than sedation.
Can pinene counteract THC effects?
Some research suggests pinene may help counteract THC's short-term memory impairment by preserving acetylcholine levels. This is part of why terpene profiles matter in cannabis effects.
Quick Facts
- Full Name
- α-Pinene / β-Pinene
- Category
- monoterpene
- Boiling Point
- 311°F (155°C)
- Aroma
- Fresh pine, forest, evergreen
Looking for strains high in Pinene? Our doctors can help you find the right product.
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Educational Information
This content is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before using cannabis products.
Strain Variability
Terpene profiles vary significantly between batches, growers, and growing conditions—even for the same strain name. Always check lab test results.
Indica/Sativa Note
The indica/sativa distinction is largely marketing. Effects are better predicted by cannabinoid and terpene profiles than strain classification.